# Tirzepatide references — full citation list with DOIs and PubMed links

> The 19 primary sources cited across the Shop Tirzepatide site, including SURPASS, SURMOUNT, SURMOUNT-OSA, SUMMIT, SYNERGY-NASH, SURPASS-CVOT, mechanism, and pharmacokinetic publications.

Sources, in full.

Every quantitative claim on this site cites a peer-reviewed publication,
FDA label, or registered clinical trial. The full list is below, with
DOIs and direct links.

## How to read this list

Citations are numbered 1 through 19. Inline markers on other pages — like [3] — correspond to the numbered entries below. Where a digital object identifier (DOI) exists, it is the canonical link; where a PubMed or PMC URL is more directly readable, it is provided as well.

The trial-program references are organized roughly in the order they appear in the research summary: SURMOUNT-1 first (the headline weight-loss result), then SURPASS-1 through -5 (type 2 diabetes), then SURMOUNT-2 through -4 (obesity), then SURMOUNT-OSA, SUMMIT, and SYNERGY-NASH (sleep apnea, HFpEF, MASH), then SURPASS-CVOT and the SURMOUNT-1 prediabetes extension, then mechanism, pharmacokinetic, safety, blood pressure, and prevention publications.

All references were retrieved from primary peer-reviewed journals (New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature Medicine, JCI Insight, Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Cardiovascular Diabetology, Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology). The FDA prescribing information is the source for labeled dosing and the boxed warning.

## References

[1] Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 — SURMOUNT-1 (NCT04184622) — https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038

[2] Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frias JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1). The Lancet. 2021. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6 — SURPASS-1 (NCT03954834) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34186022/

[3] Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. NEJM. 2021. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 — SURPASS-2 (NCT03987919) — https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107519

[4] Ludvik B, Giorgino F, Jodar E, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin degludec in type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3). The Lancet. 2021. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01443-4 — SURPASS-3 (NCT03882970) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34370970/

[5] Del Prato S, Kahn SE, Pavo I, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4). The Lancet. 2021. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02188-7 — SURPASS-4 (NCT03730662) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34672967/

[6] Dahl D, Onishi Y, Norwood P, et al. Effect of Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine: SURPASS-5. JAMA. 2022. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0078 — SURPASS-5 (NCT04039503) — https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2789229

[7] Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2). The Lancet. 2023. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X — SURMOUNT-2 (NCT04657003) — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37385275/

[8] Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention (SURMOUNT-3). Nature Medicine. 2023. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w — SURMOUNT-3 (NCT04657016) — https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02597-w

[9] Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction (SURMOUNT-4). JAMA. 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.24945 — SURMOUNT-4 (NCT04660643) — https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2812936

[10] Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. NEJM. 2024. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2404881 — SURMOUNT-OSA (NCT05412004) — https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2404881

[11] Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. NEJM. 2024. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2410027 — SUMMIT (NCT04847557) — https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2410027

[12] Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. NEJM. 2024. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2401943 — SYNERGY-NASH (NCT04166773) — https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2401943

[13] Bhatt DL, Pratley RE, Cosentino F, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. NEJM. 2025. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2505928 — SURPASS-CVOT (NCT04255433) — https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2505928

[14] Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140532 — https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/140532

[15] Furihata K, Mimura H, Urva S, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology. 2024. doi:10.1002/psp4.13110 — https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38356317/

[16] Rubino DM, Aronne LJ, Wadden TA, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability and weight reduction associated with tirzepatide in SURMOUNT-1 to -4 trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2025. doi:10.1111/dom.16176 — https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/dom.16176

[17] Caruso I, Di Gioia L, Di Molfetta S, et al. The real-world safety profile of tirzepatide: FAERS pharmacovigilance analysis. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2024. doi:10.1007/s40618-024-02441-z — https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11473560/

[18] de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide (SURPASS clinical program). Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2023. doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01775-x — https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10039543/

[19] Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Stefanski A, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. NEJM. 2025. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2410819 — SURMOUNT-1 prediabetes extension (176-week) — https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2410819

---

Not medical advice. This site does not sell any product and is not affiliated with any vendor or manufacturer.