Grid of nineteen monochrome sticker tiles representing an abstract citation index with three coral accents
How to read

How to read this list

Citations are numbered 1 through 19. Inline markers on other pages — like [3] — correspond to the numbered entries below. Where a digital object identifier (DOI) exists, it is the canonical link; where a PubMed or PMC URL is more directly readable, it is provided as well.

The trial-program references are organized roughly in the order they appear in the research summary: SURMOUNT-1 first (the headline weight-loss result), then SURPASS-1 through -5 (type 2 diabetes), then SURMOUNT-2 through -4 (obesity), then SURMOUNT-OSA, SUMMIT, and SYNERGY-NASH (sleep apnea, HFpEF, MASH), then SURPASS-CVOT and the SURMOUNT-1 prediabetes extension, then mechanism, pharmacokinetic, safety, blood pressure, and prevention publications.

All references were retrieved from primary peer-reviewed journals (New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, JAMA, Nature Medicine, JCI Insight, Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Cardiovascular Diabetology, Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology). The FDA prescribing information is the source for labeled dosing and the boxed warning.

Citations

The list

  1. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 NEJM SURMOUNT-1 (NCT04184622)
  2. Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frias JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6 PubMed SURPASS-1 (NCT03954834)
  3. Frias JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 NEJM SURPASS-2 (NCT03987919)
  4. Ludvik B, Giorgino F, Jodar E, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin degludec in type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01443-4 PubMed SURPASS-3 (NCT03882970)
  5. Del Prato S, Kahn SE, Pavo I, et al. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2021. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02188-7 PubMed SURPASS-4 (NCT03730662)
  6. Dahl D, Onishi Y, Norwood P, et al. Effect of Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-5 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.0078 JAMA SURPASS-5 (NCT04039503)
  7. Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2023. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X PubMed SURMOUNT-2 (NCT04657003)
  8. Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, et al. Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nature Medicine. 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w Nature Medicine SURMOUNT-3 (NCT04657016)
  9. Aronne LJ, Sattar N, Horn DB, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.24945 JAMA SURMOUNT-4 (NCT04660643)
  10. Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2404881 NEJM SURMOUNT-OSA (NCT05412004)
  11. Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410027 NEJM SUMMIT (NCT04847557)
  12. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2401943 NEJM SYNERGY-NASH (NCT04166773)
  13. Bhatt DL, Pratley RE, Cosentino F, et al. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2505928 NEJM SURPASS-CVOT (NCT04255433)
  14. Willard FS, Douros JD, Gabe MBN, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140532 JCI Insight
  15. Furihata K, Mimura H, Urva S, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide. CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology. 2024. DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13110 PubMed
  16. Rubino DM, Aronne LJ, Wadden TA, et al. Gastrointestinal tolerability and weight reduction associated with tirzepatide in adults with obesity or overweight with and without type 2 diabetes in the SURMOUNT-1 to -4 trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2025. DOI: 10.1111/dom.16176 Wiley
  17. Caruso I, Di Gioia L, Di Molfetta S, et al. The real-world safety profile of tirzepatide: pharmacovigilance analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02441-z PMC
  18. de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction with tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes: insights from SURPASS clinical program. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01775-x PMC
  19. Jastreboff AM, le Roux CW, Stefanski A, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410819 NEJM SURMOUNT-1 prediabetes extension (176-week)